Aboriginal Art/Paintings

The Aboriginal Art we see today is a contemporary
incarnation of ancient storytelling traditions. Australian Aboriginal people
(also known as Indigenous and First Nations people) across the Australian continent
have been using art as a form of creative expression in important ceremonies,
storytelling, and to communicate and explain ideas and concepts for over 60,000
years. Australia’s Indigenous people are considered to be the oldest surviving
continual civilization in the world.

In the 1970s, Aboriginal people began to adapt modern and
contemporary painting mediums and techniques to their traditional art and
storytelling. This created an important connection to Aboriginal culture for
non-Indigenous Australians, and as a means for Aboriginal communities to share
their stories and ancient traditions more widely, and generate income to
support their careers as artists, and their large families. These aspects of contemporary
Aboriginal Art are the foundation of the celebrated and widely-acclaimed Australian
Aboriginal Art movement for the artists, galleries and the customers who
purchase pieces for their homes.

The origins of Central and Western Desert ‘dot art’ are
deeply rooted in cultural practices and traditions. Even though this popular
and instantly recognisable style emerged as a modern form of expression in the
20th Century, it is connected to ancient traditions of storytelling and
cultural preservation. Before the use of canvas and acrylics, storytellers and
revered keepers of culture and story shared the details of these sacred stories
directly into the surface of the desert using their hands and sticks to create
epic Dreamtime stories of their ancestors, the landscape, and ceremony –
designs that were, and are, an essential part of a deeply held spiritual
connection to the land.

The symbols used in dot art predate the art style itself and
have been integral to Aboriginal culture for tens of thousands of years. The
patterns and designs in dot art represent more than aesthetic choices – they
are maps of Country, narratives of ancestral journeys, and reflections of the
artists’ cultural identities. They often depict tracks, waterholes, and other
elements of the natural and spiritual world. Dots were also used to obscure
sacred symbols and meanings, ensuring that uninitiated viewers could not fully
interpret the spiritual and cultural significance of the stories for whom they
were not intended.

The short answer is no, of course he didn’t. What he did do
was introduce canvas and acrylic paint to Indigenous culture.

To explain this in a bit more detail, it’s important to note
that dot art, as we recognise it today, began with the Papunya Tula Art
Movement in 1971. Geoffrey Bardon, a schoolteacher at Papunya, encouraged the
local Aboriginal men to paint their traditional stories on canvas and board.
This initiative gave rise to the first dot paintings. Early artists included
Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri, Kaapa Tjampitjinpa, and Johnny Warangkula
Tjupurrula, and their work brought attention to Aboriginal art as an important
and valuable form of cultural expression.

Before acrylics, natural pigments like ochres were used, but
they were less durable and therefore prone to disintegration over time. The
acrylic paints introduced by Bardon allowed the artists to explore the
integration of more vibrant colours that could reflect a vast range of
ecological and environmental elements of their storytelling, while also
ensuring the longevity and preservation of these important works. Today, dot
art continues to evolve, blending traditional and contemporary elements, but
the essential elements of each story remain connected to their cultural
origins.

When Aboriginal people first started creating art to be
purchased by outsiders, dots became a tool that was used to mask sacred symbols
in the artwork. Dots were of course used prior to the 1970s, but this is when
they became more abundant. The reason for this is that Aboriginal Art carries a
lot of power, a kind of power that most non-Indigenous people are not familiar
with, a sacred power linked to Country. This is not the kind of symbolism to
which anyone could simply have access.

Although some symbolism has become more explicit in
Aboriginal Art, and in some instances the dots serve as more of a
cultural-visual language, they are still used at times to obscure sacred
knowledge.

Establishing provenance is critical for a number of reasons.
The most important of these is to establish the work’s authenticity. This
involves verifying that the work is genuine and created by the artist to whom
it is credited. While this would be impossible in the non-Indigenous Art world
(with arguably some European exceptions), the stories shared throughout the
Aboriginal Art Movement are ‘signature pieces’, and the permission to paint
often quite specific stories rests, forever, with particular artists and their
families. The late, great Gloria Petyarre, for example, was the first artist to
paint the ‘Bush Medicine Leaves’ women’s ceremony, for which she would become
the first Indigenous Artist to win the prestigious Wynne Landscape Prize in
1999. Throughout the evolution of the Aboriginal Art Movement after Gloria, it
was, and is, only ever the female members of Gloria’s biological and extended
family by association who are able to paint the details of this ceremony. The
provenance, then, when examining a painting about the leaves used in this
ceremony, involves tracing the origins of the piece back to Gloria.

The cultural significance of a painting is vital when
establishing provenance. Defining a piece’s cultural significance within the
Movement or the artist’s career, provides the context about the artwork’s
cultural background, historical significance, and the artist’s intent, which
enhances our appreciation and understanding of its place in the Movement.
Defining a piece’s cultural significance can sometimes be as straightforward as
recognising the subject of the painting as sharing details of a significant Dreamtime
story, or how the artist had permission to paint a particular story. On other
occasions, it can be about the artist sharing the choice of their colour
palette, which is often associated with the colours of their Dreaming.

Defining a work’s cultural significance often extends beyond
the cursory first glance and becomes about the place of the work within the
trajectory of the artist’s career, where the piece was painted, and why. When
Caroline Numina, for example, returns to Darwin from her regular visits to her
home (the Utopian Aboriginal Lands of the Eastern Desert), her paintings, by
her own admission, take on a profound and deep connection to her Country. This
is not to say that these paintings are any more important or valuable, but they
represent a stronger connection to Country and to the ancestral subjects that
inform and speak to us through Caroline’s work.

The ethics relating to acquisition and ownership of a
particular piece is the cornerstone of the establishment of provenance. In the
case of the Aboriginal Art Movement, ethical concerns about acquisition,
representation, ownership, and cultural appropriation are critical to securing
a piece’s rightful place in museums, galleries and private collections in
Australia and around the world. Examining the ethics of acquisition begins with
the moment the painting is brought to the point of initial sale/exchange. This
can have occurred through a number of means, including, but not limited to, art
galleries, artist’s studios (including their homes and/or established studios
in towns and regional centres, established Aboriginal Community Art Centres on
Country, and/or auction houses).

At the point of first exchange, the buyer must determine who
the painting is by, the title, the story that is represented in the work, when
it was painted, what medium, what material, and the measurements. The
convention, then, is to attempt to ascertain as much information about the
subject of the painting as is possible and permissible, and to clearly document
these details on a ‘Certificate of Authenticity’ or ‘Certificate of
Authentication’. These details can include the artist’s date of birth, their Country,
and their language group. It is also at this point that the work will be given
a dedicated catalogue number – a unique identifier for that particular painting
as it begins its journey to market. A ‘Holding shot’ of the Artist displaying
their painting for the camera is then taken (if the Artist agrees), and this
photograph is then included on the Certificate of Authenticity. It is this
Certificate of Authenticity that will, for the life of the painting, accompany
it for prosperity and documented proof of the work’s authenticity.

Today, non-Indigenous collectors of Aboriginal Art have more
insight than ever into the stories behind the paint, but much of the knowledge
that forms the core of these stories is still sacred, and the creation of the
artwork comes from something far deeper than pure aesthetic value.

When we think about how big the Australian Aboriginal Art
movement has become, and how prolific contemporary Aboriginal artists are, it
is often suggested that Aboriginal Art is now simply a money maker, and that
the sacredness has been swallowed by consumerism. This is absolutely not the
case. The style presented in authentic Aboriginal Art has indeed been
appropriated by non-Aboriginal people who are simply trying to make money by
generating inauthentic pieces.

But although the market for authentic Aboriginal Art has
grown exponentially since the 1970s, and although generating income is still a
really important part of Aboriginal Art, the stories that are depicted are no
less sacred. Artists still paint from a place of connection to Country, they
still draw from sacred knowledge.  This
is an aspect of Aboriginal Art that is increasingly crucial to realise, as
preservation of these stories is critical for so many First Nations. The need
to communicate through art is as vital as ever.

By collecting Aboriginal art, we not only enrich our lives
with compelling and meaningful works, but we also play an important role in
celebrating and sustaining the culture and legacy of the world’s oldest
surviving civilisation. Aboriginal art is one of the oldest continuing artistic
traditions in the world, dating back over 60,000 years. Collecting and
preserving this art ensures that these traditions, stories, and cultural
expressions are valued, present and admired in our daily lives, and passed on
through our families to future generations.

This is why Aboriginal Art is, and will continue to be,
important.